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Approximately the quarter of territory of Luxembourg is processed, one more quarter is occupied under onions and pastures. The basic areas of agriculture: м'ясомолочне animal industries and зернокормове plant growing.

Near southern border of Luxembourg there are rich deposits зопника which belong to extensive Лотаринзького to pool. In 1970 му to year here it has been extracted approximately 5,7 million tons of ore, but manufacture was quickly reduced and has definitively been curtailed in the beginning of 1997. Then there was extinguished last blast furnace. Steelmaking manufacture last years worked on import ore which was imported basically from France. On a steel particle in 1952г. Third of gross national product, and in 1994 - only 6 % had. From 1974г. Till 1990 steel release was reduced from 6,4 million т to 3,5 million т, and pig-iron manufacture has decreased twice. The basic steelmaking concern ARBED based in 1911, was the greatest industrial enterprise of the country. Now steelmaking manufacture is reoriented on breakage use as raw materials and refusible in electric furnaces.

The economy of Luxembourg is stable and prospers, the rate of unemployment nowadays makes approximately 3 %. The post-war history of economy is connected with metallurgical area and gradual, but painful enough process of its replacement by sector of financial services.

The official name - the Big Duchy Luxembourg (Grand - Duche de Luxembourg).

The geographical position - the state is located in the Western Europe. Borders on Belgium, Germany and France. No exit to the sea has. Together with Belgium and the Netherlands the Benelux countries enter into association.

Finance and trade will play the major role in economy of London City headquarters of many British banks, insurance a clod - take places

паній And trading concerns, and also such national establishments as Bank of England, Stock exchange and bank "Ллойдс оф London" London is also the leading centre of the international banks and the insurance companies 3 1945 р growth of these service areas and expansion of system of the state and local management have led to increase in number occupied in offices and establishments. On the contrary, the number occupied in the industry from 1940 ends х has decreased years, despite the fact that, шо the London region, as before, was the greatest industrial centre of Britain. The electromechanical engineering, brewing, manufacture of chemicals and a paper, manufacture of furniture, clothes and exact devices is the major areas of the industry here. Since 1945 fast development of the industry of the household goods in the western municipal areas was observed. On the other hand, in East London there were closed old, small enterprises. Factories from here were translated on new platforms for borders of the Green belt, and some traditional areas of the industry connected with activity of port, for example the food-processing industry, have fallen into decay.

From end XІ items were used effort concerning municipal government centralisation Certain association of administrative functions has been reached thanks to the Law on management метрополісом 1855 In 1888 Council of the London county, but territory in 303 sq. km that was under its jurisdiction have been generated, did not include all built up area. After in 1899 in structure were glad the London county are included 28 метрополитеновских cities (municipal areas), influential City all the same remained an independent city. To 1960 middle х years the territory of London was in jurisdiction almost 90 local authorities. Aspiring to find more effective control system, Council of the London county was in 1965 replaced with Council of the Greater London to which jurisdiction territories the area in 1595 sq. km have entered. This Council has transferred administrative functions to 32 new municipal regional councils. Reorganisation has led to liquidation of ancient county Мідлсекс and recutting of borders of the next counties. However London City has reserved many the rights and privileges. City which has received the city status in X ІІ a century, copes the corporation headed by the elective mayor. To functions the carried such municipal kinds of activity as strategic planning, fire protection and struggle against flooding Other areas метрополитеновского an area remained under jurisdiction of counties which border on it were glad the Greater London. The territory which is under the control of capital police, approximately coincides with territory of the Greater London, except for City which has an own police. The capital police, subordinated to the Minister of Internal Affairs, instead of начальникові polices as it is accepted in other areas of the country, also is responsible for disclosing of especially heavy crimes (the local police should address for the help in Skotlend-yard).

London - the main centre of a cultural life of the Great Britain. Set закладов cultures concentrated in Вест-Енді. The greatest theatres and cinemas are in area of the area Leicester-square between prospectus Шефтсбері-авеню and Trafalgars-which the area. On the north from street Strend the located one more theatrical centre: to it the Royal opera theatre (Kovent-Garden) known for for ballet and an opera, and the well-known Royal theatre on Друрі-Лейн enter. A number of art theatres, for example theatre Mermejd in City, have been opened after the Second World War. On southern coast of Thames near station Waterloo, upstream the rivers, near to theatres Єлизаветинсько ї epoch there is well-known for the statements of Shakespearean and other classical plays a theatre "Олд Age", that became the company-founder of National theatre. The royal Shakespearean society has got in 1982 Two new theatre, having opened the Center of arts and conferences Барбікан, constructed near to the London shaft in City. London supports five main symphonic orchestras, and their concerts occur on all city. Nearby from "Олд the Age" is located a concert hall "Rojal-festi-shaft-hol". Many musical concerts, including the well-known flight symphony concerts, are given in Ройал-Альберт-Холі - to one з the greatest concert halls of London. Solo and chamber concerts are spent in Уїгмор-Холі. In 1963 in the Cut-don і, southern suburb of London, was opened Ферфілдс-Холс - ensemble of new halls for concerts and theatrical performances.

City. The area known under the name of City, - live history of London. In it the located well-known outstanding instructions, as, for example, a cathedral Saint Paul (St. Paul), constructed by sir Kr_stoferom Ren in style of Renaissance, the Manshen-house (residence of the Lord Mayor), restored Гілдхол (town hall), London Тауер and the Monument заввишки in 61 г, established in memory of the Big fire 1666 p., that has devastated City. In this area there are many known churches of Cities constructed in XV ІІ and XV ІІІ item instead of burnt down during Big fire. The majority of them were also constructed by Ren. City - first of all heart of the British financial power: here the located Bank of England, Stock exchange, bank "Ллойдс" and other banks, offices of the insurance companies and business houses. Till now in City, as well as in other parts of the centre of London, the located silent small streets with small beer - pubs. Each pub has constant clients who live or work close. In northern part of City the located reconstructed inhabited quarter Барбікан, constructed round ruins of an ancient city shaft of London. In Барбікані there is a Museum of London, theatre, a concert hall and some schools. On action, lengthways Фліт-стріт, the located editions of many British newspapers, further - the Central criminal court and houses of two "Judicial Іннів": Average and Internal Темпла (Мідл-І нн and _nner - І нн). Two other Innas - Лінкольнс-І нн and Grejs - І нн are a little to the north. Everyone Інн has an own dining room, a chapel and library, and offices of lawyers are turned In shady quadrangular court yard. Near the Templ-bar, old western gate of City, Фліт-стріт flows in street Strend that goes on action to Вестмінстера.

London - capital of the United Kingdom of the Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the greatest city on British isles. Located for to Thames for 64 km from its mouth. London - one of the greatest ports of Britain and the main industrial centre of the country. The city area makes 1560 sq. km. The population almost 7 million persons. London will play the leading part in a political and cultural life of the Great Britain. In it there is a parliament, the government and justice higher bodies. As the cultural centre London has got popularity thanks to the museums and art galleries, theatres and a musical life. A city known also numerous ancient церквами in which national relics remain. London always differed active participation in the international affairs. Being once capital of British Empire, he will play till now the important role as the Commonwealth centre. London - a cell of the international business life and knot of the international airlines.

On перессказам, in 300 St. Onions has wrapped up in Christianity of inhabitants of this area which was under the power римлянинов. Francs вторгнулись in the country in 536. Later, at Charles Bolshomu, from a post of the governor was displaced єпископ, and to this post began to appoint secular governors. The area was under power Karol_ngov to 911 when the German empire has broken up to the big and small duchies. Within duchy Shvab_ja in territory of present Liechtenstein there were feudal possession Schellenberg and Vaduz which were included then into structure of Sacred Roman empire. In 1507 emperor Maksimilian has given to Vaduz the special rights and privileges, including the sovereignty and taxation. These rights have been transferred Austrian family L_htenshtejn_v. In 1699 Schellenberg, and to 1712 Vaduz were sold to the prince of Liechtenstein. In 1719 both territories it has been united in one princedom. With this date connect state Liechtenstein formation. With 1815 on 1866 Liechtenstein was a part of the German union, and in 1860 Ліхтенштейни became hereditary members of the upper chamber of the Austrian parliament, and in 1866, at Іоганне ІІ Liechtenstein (1840-1929), the princedom has found independence. In avstro-prussk_j to war 1866 Liechtenstein acted as the ally of Austria, with 1876 on 1918 had close connections with Austro-Hungary.